Tag: bible study

The “therefore” points us forward. Based upon being reminded of those who had hardened their hearts against God even in the midst of being shown true things, these Jewish Christians need to be careful. Not listening, rejecting what God was doing is a risk that is just as present for these folks today as it was for their ancestors. Also, notice the quotations, the author continues the exegesis of Psalm 95, explaining how it applies to the generation that is being spoken to.

The subsequent discussion about “rest” appears to combat any restrictions that may have been anticipated on what God’s rest is. Perhaps they thought it was the promised land, but the writer here makes it clear God’s rest is still an appropriate aspiration today as it was when David wrote of it in Psalm 95 (obviously after the time of Joshua and the promised land). How should we think of it? I’m banking on the ultimate return of Jesus and final establishment of the Kingdom.

So back to the encouragement, the Hebrews are to strive to enter that rest. But just as in the past, God will not be fooled. His “word” is living and active, sharper than any double-edged sword. (Word here really can’t mean Scripture, although the way folks use it to refer to Scripture isn’t untrue, either, it just isn’t particularly correct in this context.) “Word” here probably is safe as the “action” or “expression” of God, which is still living and active and it is that which cuts to the root of things, gets to them as they are. Again, there’s no fooling God, any impression otherwise is frankly ridiculous.

And yet, again, we have Jesus. Jesus the High Priest, aware of our frailties, sympathetic in our weaknesses. And the thing we do not deserve, confidence at the throne of God, we are graciously and mercifully given. That, my good fellas, is beautiful.

High priest discussion hasn’t stopped. The reminder here is that it is God who has chosen for the intercession that a high priest makes, first by man and sacrifice and then by Jesus and sacrifice. The human high priest sympathizes with the sin of those around him because he himself is guilty as well, he shares in their weakness. Jesus, although similarly appointed by the Father for the work of the sacrifice, was never guilty. His sympathy extends from having resisted temptation instead of having succumbed to it.

The marked drama of Jesus’ humility abounds here. At least the human high priest was a poor sap without a high horse who sympathized with us because he was one of us. Jesus voluntary becomes one of us and resists the temptations we so often fail at and yet looks at us with the same kind, forgiving eyes as the man who has been there and failed. He wasn’t in there sacrificing anyway because of his failures, he does it exclusively for ours. The only benefit to him is the expression of love for his people. Further, he is the sacrifice! He took every element of reconciliation between God and man and put it upon himself.

On Melchizedek, the reference is from Psalm 110 and what’s interesting here is that the vibe of that Psalm is quite a bit different than the humble, sympathetic high priest we’ve been hearing about. In fact, it’s starts with “Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool.” There is a starkness between the justice of God and the mercy that he extends to his people. The positioning of this text in Hebrews is a little tricky because the author is trying to praise Jesus as the example of what the perfect high priest would do as a man. We read his Son of God identity into it and it gets confusing because we think, “of course he is reverent” and “was he not obedient before?”. But that isn’t the point. The writer is purposefully drawing comparisons between the office of high priest up to this point and how Jesus functions in that role in his human form and how that can be powerful enough to be a permanent means of reconciliation because he was more than man.

The writer anticipates this conversation might be difficult to follow but attributes it to the shallowness of the Hebrews understanding. Basically, they never moved beyond very basic understanding of what God was up to, even as He has revealed more to them. This is very much a potential issue for us. We struggle with parts like this in Hebrews because we have often taken in the Bible with a very limited context, subject to our own perspectives only, and without a sense of the bigger picture. If we do that, we miss out on part of God’s cool story and our part in it. We play a role in what God is up to, the establishing and growth of His Kingdom, and a right understanding of that bigger picture puts our work within that picture into a motivating perspective.

The immaturity discussed at the end of chapter 5 is expanded upon at the start of this chapter. The encouragement here is to stop debating the basics, that they repent from posturing and have faith in God, follow the example and instruction of Jesus in baptism (“washings”), and be confident in the resurrection of the dead and God’s ultimate justice. (Ha! Are these not still the same things some Christians are squabbling about? Faith v. works, the importance of baptism, the existence of hell, and the resurrection? Some things don’t change I guess.)

We need to get beyond it, for by this time we ought to be teachers! Most Christians are overweight by about 500 Bible verses for the amount of application they actually do with it. But the writer intends to fill this gap, to help them get beyond this, to help them move from milk to meat. And that’s exactly what is happening in the often tough verses that follow. He told them they have to get to the meat and he’s giving it to them directly.

The description of the Christian life that follows is awesome. The followers of Jesus are those who have seen the light, who have had the reality of the world, of creation, of God! revealed to them, exposed for them to understand and live within. Think about it, rejecting Jesus and the truths of God means that someone is purposefully choosing to see the world with a blindfold on. No wonder we find ourselves often in conflict on basic things with others in the world. It’s why we can’t seem to agree on the sanctity of life, whether something or other is actually true, etc. As we accept the truths of God, the world opens up, what was dark comes into relief and can be understood in ways that those who reject God will never see.

Christians also get the heavenly gift, a changed life that finds peace where it is hiding, joy where it is buried, love broader and deeper than previously possible. And we have shared in the Holy Spirit, God himself living within us as a helper to get the most of the gift he has given. We have been comforted and convicted by the word of God, it has brought us encouragement and edification and proper warning. We have been witness to or heard tell of the power of the age to come (yes, we see glimpses of renewal that we don’t yet dare to believe can actually be true for the whole world. But it will be. The power of God to change hearts, renew and restore His creation. That is the power of the age to come.)

And then the trouble…it is impossible for those who have been part of these things to be restored again when they walk away and reject Jesus and join the crowds who mock and spit on him and declare his death that of a worthless man. The illustration that follows, that of the ground that drinks the rain and either produces a crop or bears thorns and thistles, puts the issue into contrast. Both grounds take in freely that which God provides to produce a bountiful harvest, but only one uses it for good. The other takes in the rain but produces thistles and thorns, worthless things.

Now, the writer of Hebrews doesn’t seem to think it necessary to dive into the theological argument he has just started. Paul does, in Romans 5-8, and the previous points of a perfect high priest who is in service of those who obviously need a high priest shouldn’t be discarded. Neither should the things that follow in this chapter, including the just nature of God and the work that these folks are doing by loving God and serving His people. Further, the last part of the chapter focuses on the faithful promises of God, and a “…sure and steadfast anchor of the soul”. I mean, that sounds promising.

Broadly, although I think we can safely back away from some sort of standard that implies Christians do not still sin, even in their posturing to God (there is no NT letter that would permit us to believe in our own perfection), this is most certainly a stern warning. Two different situations seem viable to me (although other commentators would expand upon this list.) I think the warning can apply to those who are basically soaking up the environment, wandering over the Kingdom boundaries and trying to pass themselves off as citizens even though they haven’t really pledged fealty to the King. They drank the rain and then just flat out decided that they didn’t want it, produced nothing that the Kingdom wanted and decided to bail, joining in the crowds who called Jesus a fraud. That’s a tough reality.

The second option has a little more nuance but it would read the “they are crucifying once again the Son of God…” as more of a nonchalant action that should be understood that they obviously cannot be convinced to repent while they are acting this way vs. the lack of repentance being a permanent state of their heart.

The writer does, on the way out of this quandary, seem to focus on output; how they serve the saints, showing earnestness so they can have full assurance of hope, not being lazy but imitating those who through faith and patience get to partake in all God has promised. The connection here may inform our previous understanding in that you have folks that simply soak in all God has promised but never actually live as though it is true. That’s a shallow religion, and frankly doesn’t share a definition with Christianity.

Hebrew writer-man expands upon the surety of the promise by connecting long-term commitments that God has made (that they already trust) and connecting them to the work of Jesus. In this example, the Hebrews are to put themselves in the position of Abraham, trusting in God to fulfill that which his oath has guaranteed. Except that promise is being kept through Jesus. They appear to need more information on how to understand this (as the author promised more meat) so chapter 7 will really explore the continued use of Jesus as High Priest and the link to the mysterious man of the night, Melchizedek.

If we get caught up only in the curiosity of this Melchizedek character in this chapter, we miss out on a lot. However, the little that Scripture speaks of him is central to understanding the argument the Hebrews writer is making. To get this chapter correctly, it’s wise to read Genesis 14 and Psalm 110 (although the relevant parts of both are quoted in Hebrews as well).

Chapter 6 ends with a quote from Psalm 110, one we’ve already seen in Hebrews prior to this, the promise that the Messiah will be a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek. Further, that v.4 from the Psalm affirms that this is a promise sworn by God, an oath (it’s going to happen, as sure as God keeping his promise to Abraham).

This is a long chapter so I’ll summarize where it’s going. Abraham tithed to high priest Melchizedek, a priest who existed before the priest system that was set up through the Law handed down through Moses. (How did he get the job? God gave it to him.) Melchizedek, in turn, blessed Abraham (and, by proxy, Levi, his future lineage). And since those who give blessings are greater than those receiving the blessings, we should understand that the priest in the order of Melchizedek are greater than the the priestly line that comes from Levi.

Psalm 110 promises that the future Messiah will be a priest in the order of Melchizedek, an indication even in that day that the Levite priests had a time limit. The system that was set up for and through them was not perfect (a better rendering is probably “complete”, meaning that the law and priests and sacrificial system had its purposes but was not capable of fully accounting for the sin in the world or showing the full identity that God has for his people).

So, the Jews should have been expecting, at some point, this Messiah figure who would be in the order of Melchizedek, one who is outside of and greater than the system administered by the Levite priests. And the Hebrew writer is making the case that Jesus is indeed this Messiah and High Priest. Now, the lineage of Jesus is the tribe of Judah (descendant of David), which means he certainly isn’t a Levite (something that would be quarrelsome to the Jews if there wasn’t this Melchizedek angle).

But Jesus qualifies to be High Priest, not because he is a descendant of Levi but because he was appointed by God (like Melchizedek) to fulfill the oath God made in Psalm 110 and the fact that Jesus has (and will continue to) lead a perfect life. And ultimately, this is better. In the old agreement between God and His people, the priests had to change all of the time because they died off. However, Jesus serves permanently, his intercession on our behalf never ends!

And, unlike the Levites, continuous sacrifice is not necessary because Jesus does not have his own sins to atone for. He was able to offer the perfect sacrifice (himself) by the perfect High Priest (himself) which does the deal forever.

Now, a few random notes. Melchizedek is a bit of a mysterious figure but the ESV kind of adds to this unnecessarily with its translation about him having no beginning or end. It’s probably more clearly rendered as: “No mention is made of his father or mother or genealogy, nor the beginning or end of his earthly life.” Basically, it’s not that he doesn’t have a beginning or end or a mom and dad, it’s that the Bible doesn’t mention it. This, coupled with the explanation of his name being king of righteousness, king of Jerusalem, king of peace, are all designed to help point to Jesus, who will resemble these same things in word and deed.

Also, we get an explanation of the fulfillment of the Law in Jesus where it is noted that there is a change in the law when there is a change in the priesthood. The tension here with the Law, though, is a bit difficult when the writer refers to it as “useless” and “weak”. I wonder if we are to think of the Law in this way specifically in relation to Jesus and what He accomplishes. As understood from Psalm 110, it was understood that the Levite priesthood was only temporary, which implied that it wasn’t capable of fulfilling the entirety of God’s purposes. Now that time has come, and any attempt to attribute the final, complete and perfect work that Jesus has done as if it could have been delivered from the Law are weak and useless.

Chapter 8 continues the conversation we’ve been having over the last few chapters. All of this is to put into right perspective Jesus as the final, true and inevitable High Priest. This is indeed meat over milk, even for us. This priestly order of Melchizedek argument is part of our basic understanding of why we are no longer under the Law and while Jesus’ sacrifice is sufficient to pay for all that the sin we are responsible for. This is a question that most Christians shy away from, unable to answer or afraid that the Bible will not provide adequate answers and it will shake their faith. This journey is for us as all as the Hebrew readers.

Jesus as high priest is relegated to the holy of holies to be in the presence of God, He sits at the right hand of the Father. And he is in the true “tent” (think tabernacle, where God dwells) that was set up for him by God the Father. Since the Law of Moses and the sacrificial system that came with it is just a copy, a shadow of the heavenly things (think: it points us to the true things, helps us understand them), Jesus couldn’t have functioned within it, it wouldn’t make sense if he did!

Because, ultimately, what Jesus serves as High Priest under is a function that is better than what existed before; he is a better mediator and has better promises. Obviously, the first covenant was not sufficient, not able to satisfy the complete identity and full atonement necessary to reconcile the world back to its Creator.

The long scripture quote here is from Jeremiah 31. The point of that section of Jeremiah is pointing the restoration of God’s people and the creation of a new covenant, one where the laws are put into the minds and hearts of his people instead of kept through a sacrificial system and a Levitical priesthood. Not only should the Jewish people have been expecting that the Temple and the Law would be gone at some point, they should have actually been desiring it as it was coupled with the Messiah. This fulfillment of the Law wasn’t as jarring a thing as we sometimes see it. If we knew our old testament, we would know the promises that should have been guiding the Jews even in Jesus’ day. The Hebrews writer is taking pains to show that they would have known this had they not been satisfied with just milk.

I wonder, what kinds of things do we as Christians miss if we are satisfied with only milk? What big things is God up to that we don’t understand or don’t catch because our eyes are closed or our engagement with God’s story and people is lazy? Luckily, what we’re doing here, pouring through the Word of God so to be informed, encouraged, enlightened and edified – seems like the right work to find meat.

Chapter 9 continues the conversation about the expectation of the new covenant, why it was necessary, and how Jesus is involved.

The first section focuses on the setup of the sacrificial system itself, how it worked, what instruments and furniture were involved and how they were all used. Also, the distinctions between the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies (Most Holy Place) Notably, the writer mentions the contents of the ark of the covenant, a box of sorts kept within the Holy of Holies that contained items reminding the people of the agreement they have with God (manna, because God provides for them; Aaron’s staff, a reminder that God will keep order, see Numbers 17; and the Ten Commandments, a reminder that God provides them identity and a clear understanding of how to live).

The point of bringing all of this up, though, is to show a connection, or an inference: the Holy Place connects and points ultimately to the Holy of Holies like the sacrificial system connects and ultimately points to Jesus. Jesus enters the greater and more perfect “tent” (dwelling place of God – in Jesus’ case, heaven) having made the sacrifice on behalf of the people. Because it was the perfect sacrifice, it need not be continually made.

A distinction that the writer makes a couple of times is the marked differences between sacrifice for purification of the flesh (which the sacrificial system could do, remember that most of the restrictions around uncleanliness were around worship) and Jesus’ sacrifice for the purification of our conscience and spirit. Ultimately, the work of Jesus not only brings us into right standing with God but calls us away from dead works and into sacrificial service of God.

Following, he posits the transition from the old covenant to the new one as something triggered as if coming from a will, happening upon the death of the one who made it. So, upon the death of Jesus, the covenant begins, which means the old covenant must be gone, it cannot remain (and you wouldn’t want it to, of course, when you have Jesus as an option.)

Ultimately, the things used in the old covenant were foreshadowing what was to come, copies of heavenly realities that Jesus would ultimately enact. The assurance at the end of this chapter is that we can be assured that what Jesus has done is sufficient for everyone and forever. It is not necessary for Jesus to return to deal with sin anymore, it has been dealt with. No, when he returns again it will be to return for those who await him. (I don’t know how many times the Bible can say it or how detailed of an argument you may need – but sin is taken care of, completely, lovingly, forever. It’s a reality we need to live in.)

The case continues (but it will finally come to a firm point in chapter 10). Again, the law wasn’t ever the final deal, it was a hint, a shadow of what was to come. Part of the evidence of this the need to continually do things, remembering their sins as the need for the sacrifice. Basically, the nature of the sacrifice falls short of total elimination as the very root of it necessitates remembering the sin so that it could be sacrificed for.

So, of course, Jesus does this better. He sacrifices once and for all, doing away with the old because the new has come (what it was pointing to arrived, there is no longer a need for the road map once you’ve reached the destiny.) Through the entire argument that has been made over the last few chapters, for heaven’s sake do not miss the broad point: “And by that will we have been sanctified (made holy, pure) through the offering of the body of Jesus ONCE FOR ALL.” The argument that has been happening is to make sure there is nothing that is distracting from this point. Instead of the law being a stumbling block for the Hebrews, it provides the right context to ultimately understand what Jesus has done. He is the greater sacrifice, the permanent solution, the greater law, the ultimate answer. The Hebrew writer weeds through all of this stuff to make way for the good news, and we’ve come to it.

The thought continues in v.11, reiterating that Jesus has done the thing once and for all in fulfillment of Psalm 110 (which he quotes again in v. 16). Where there is forgiveness of sins, there is no longer any offering for sin. In fact, that’s what follows in v.19. Because of all we now should know concerning who Jesus is and what he has done, we should have confidence to draw near to God. (You have that? It seems tough, right, to balance the thought of drawing near in confidence with entering in relationship with a Holy God? But that’s us. Perhaps we don’t fully grasp what Jesus has done where we are hesitant to draw near in confidence.)

In case we’re struggling with that, it is even clearer in description. We draw near “full of assurance”, hearts sprinkled clean from an evil conscience and bodies washed with pure water. Often we’re not feeling it, but it’s the truth. It’s weird to think that, seasoned Jesus’ folk you might be, we may still very well not fully believe Jesus accomplished what he did when we cannot draw near in confidence. Get in on it because He who promised is faithful.

What is the outpouring of all that? Encourage, “stir up” one another to love the way Jesus loves and do the good work he set out for us. Also, get together, and you know what? Encourage each even more.
Well crap, another quarrelsome passage (similar issue we ran into in chapter 6). Don’t overdue it, it sits in the context of Hebrews (which assumes we needed the sacrifice for sins) and the rest of Scripture (which seems to acknowledge that we are not perfect, no not one.) That said, it puts our service of sin into stark contrast and reloads what we may be tempted to diminish, which is God’s hatred of sin and the impact of it on our ultimate relationship with Jesus. If we know what we know about Jesus and what he has done and basically spit in his face, you’ve basically opted out of the Kingdom (outside of which there is no sacrifice for sins).

We’ve talked about this before but the long and short of it is that you can’t act like you live in Jesus’ Kingdom and then completely ignore how the King commands that folks in His Kingdom behave. This section of Hebrews is representing someone who moves into Jesus’ Kingdom, expects all the rights of a citizen, and then basically tries to Vatican City himself on the grounds by setting up his own sovereignty and space in Jesus’ Kingdom. That’s deliberate and consistent disobedience. You may not think you’re doing that, but if Jesus says you need to stop doing things and you flat out refuse, that’s what you’re up to. Now, this isn’t representing a point of no return, but it is putting it plainly that you can’t just do whatever you freakin’ want when you claim to be in submission to Jesus.

Now we return to evidences of faith (assurances, really). Their hearts aren’t oriented to deliberate disobedience, they’ve endured struggles for Jesus, been publicly mistreated, had compassion on those they were supposed to that no one else did, accepted with joy as folks stole from them in retaliation, since they had the right perspective in the long run. As such, stay confident, keep the faith, and receive what is promised.

The money maker in this chapter is in the first few sentences, the rest are a series of examples intended to prove the point. Noting, certainly, that this continues the discussion that has already been in progress. The end of chapter 10 says that “…we are not of those who shrink back and are destroyed, but of those who have faith and preserve their souls.” Lest we misunderstand what faith is, though, he elaborates.

Faith, the greek word pistis, is confidence or assurance in the things that God promises. Or perhaps more practically, it is living in the here and now with complete confidence that that which God has said will be will be, even when we don’t see it. For us, that means we accept the rejection of the world knowing we will be honored at rest in the everlasting life that is to come. It means we live in freedom, even though there is yet much in the world to tempt us and divert our minds from that reality. It means that we sacrifice readily for others, giving even our lives in the service of a fallen world, assured that the work of Jesus keeps its promises upon our death to bring us into life, and not only that, into the loving arms of a good, good Father.

All of this is why James speaks of faith without works being dead. If you didn’t think you were getting paid, you’d just stop working, even if your boss promises he would pay you. On the other hand, you keep working if you are confident your boss will do as he says and reward you when your work is done. James says it more succinctly but the point here about faith is the same; if you believed it, your life would change in reaction because your reality has changed.

And that’s where we get the OT examples. These are all examples of folks who took action based upon the promises God had made. I won’t rehash them all but they are reminder that things have always been this way. Following Jesus is no different, we are acting in faith, the assurance of promises that God has made, Jesus has kept, and we are the beneficiaries of.

After all of these OT examples comes the drop – they never got what they were promised…not entirely. You see even those promises ultimately hinged on Jesus. That’s why apart from “us” they should not be made perfect. It means that apart from the promises of Jesus that we are now defined under as Christians, they never get everything that is coming to them. But since God makes big promises, he sends Jesus to keep them, and even though they may not have known, it is indeed finished, everything God promised to his people, these people, and us people, through the work of Christ on the cross.

Here’s the big payoff of not only the argument but of the whole letter. In light of all that has come before between God and His people, and light of what Jesus has consequently done, let us endure. We are called to throw off all that slows us down or trips us up (think sin) and focus on Jesus, the one who establishes that which we are to believe and even provides our ability to do it. He has not only plotted the course for the race, he came as an example on how to run it.

And we are to be encouraged by all that Jesus suffered as a demonstration that we can persevere as well, even in the most troubling or trying of circumstances. The statement “In your struggle against sin you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding your blood…” is especially indicting to our culture of “don’t beat yourself up, everyone sins” and other such thoughts. Although true, the posturing lacks the warrant that Scripture brings, that which calls us to holy living, repentance and perseverance. Have I shed blood in my resistance to sin? No, I have not. Perhaps I am not putting up enough of a fight.

Then we are reassured that discipline we receive (or are called to) is a demonstration of God’s love for us, because he disciplines those he loves. We are the children of God, not cast aside children who get no attention or instruction. So, be thankful for that which sits upon your heart or mind that brings your sin to the forefront, it is a reminder that God loves you and will persist in the pursuit of your holiness and freedom. Ultimately, the result of our perseverance is the “…peaceful fruit of righteousness…”. Ah, I want this, therefore I must persevere to attain it.

I love this next section. It’s time to stiffen our backs, steel our jaws, stand up straight and march forward. Because we have an example of Jesus on how to live, and because God will discipline us to keep us on the right path, and because the endurance that God empowers produces peace that God provides, we obey and do the thing. We shall keep steady, stalwart; strive for peace and keep things holy. Bring people with us as we follow and walk the walk of Jesus and reject bitterness of any kind for any reason that it may not cause us trouble and throw us off course.

In v.18, we again find a comparison between the covenant under which the law of Moses exists and the new agreement that Jesus brings. What Jesus brings allows us gracious entrance upon God’s holy mountain, within his city, at an assembly surrounded by his guests. Where the old agreement kept separation between man and God because of an imperfect mediator (the high priest), the new agreement allows us to be in full and open relationship, father to son, to the living God. We have a better mediator (Jesus) so we get better access. It’s like having a roadie friend at a Led Zeppelin concert. You know the right people, you get to meet the right people. And we know Jesus.

It should go without saying based upon the compelling case Hebrews man has made but he reiterates here that there be no refusal of what is being said here. Do not reject the discipline of God, the gifts of God, the promises of God, the calls to holiness of God. Ultimately, because it’s just plain foolish to do so. If God is God, then he’s right and we should do what he says. If he’s not, for heaven’s sake stop reading Hebrews, you’re wasting your life.

Even so, we have a great promise indeed. For we have received a “…kingdom that cannot be shaken.” It simply can’t fall away. This section almost represents a sifting, where only the right things will remain when all is said and done. We can have confidence in the kingdom of which we are part. And in reaction, we offer God acceptable worship with reverence and awe, which is simply a right reflection of who He is, what He has done, and the power that can rightfully be used in judgment that has been turned full force into the work of grace.

At the end of chapter 12 we’ve been reminded that we have a kingdom that cannot be shaken and a God who deserves worship. Chapter 13 seems to at least relate to that discussion in that it lays out what that worship looks like, which is consistent with what it looks like to live in the Kingdom. These things are sacrifices pleasing to God.

What are they? Love the brothers. Heck, love the strangers, you never know who you’re dealing with, it could be a messenger of God (either spirit or otherwise). Remember the folks in prison and those who are mistreated as though you are with them. (Note, this is likely in reference to Christians who have been mistreated because they are Christians although I don’t see any reason to not apply it to all situations.) Let marriage be held in honor among all. (This is likely also within a context of “among Christians” as the “all”. So at the very least, let’s fight for the marriages within the faith.) Don’t love money and be content because God provides (underlying thread here is not to worry).

The Hebrews are also supposed to remember those who taught them about Jesus and imitate their faith. Don’t follow others who teach weird things about Jesus that make it sound like he changes the way he does things, he doesn’t. And while they’re at it, don’t get involved in any weird food stuff (sounds like old Hebrew notions may be sticking around for this group).

We offer a continue “sacrifice of praise” by acknowledging with our lips what Jesus has done. And we follow in his footsteps, doing good and sharing what we have, as those, as well, are sacrifices pleasing to God. (Don’t miss that.) Also, submit to your leaders, those who are caring for your souls since they will have to give an account to God on your behalf (gulp.) They should do so with joy and not with groaning (that I can do) for that is no advantage to you (I assume for them to be curmudgeonly about the whole thing.)

v.20 starts to send them out by a reminder of a bunch of cool stuff about God. He is the God of peace, he brought Jesus back from the dead, he is the Great Shepherd (Psalm 23 style), and has enacted a promise to His people that shall never end. And the prayer is that God will equip them to do the work that he has set out for them which is pleasing to Him.

The final greeting is interesting in a couple of ways. They must use “briefly” differently in Koine Greek because I would say our man was a bit long-winded. However, he asks they heed the words in the letter even though it wasn’t quite 15 scrolls long. Also, Timothy has sprung from the joint and Hebrews writer and him may hook up and visit if circumstances allow. Regardless, tell everyone “hi” and the bros from Italy say “hi” as well.

Grace be with them.